e) Irregular plurals

 * Some nouns in english are used only in the singular form and the verb remains in singular.

Eg : ADVICE   -   FURNITURE  - KNOWLEDGE - NEWS

* Some nouns have the same form for both plural and singular

Eg : FISH  -    SERIES    -        SHEEP    -    SPECIES

* The names of many sciences ending in " ICS " are singular the verb remains in the singular form.

Eg : PHYSICS - MATHEMATICS - STATISTICS

* The following nouns are always plural and are followed by verbs in the plural.

Eg : SPECTACLES - CUSTOMS  - THANKS - GOODS

 

 

 

COMPARATIVE AND SUPERLATIVE

*There are three degrees of comparison :

 1-Positive  degree

 2- Comparative degree.

 3- Superlative degree.

01)COMPARATIVE OF EQUALITY :           AS……….AS

  ALI is as tall as Mohamed.

  02)COMPARATIVE AND  SUPERLATIVE OF SUPERIORITY :

  a)    Monosyllabic adjectives form their comparative and superlative by addig  ER and EST  toThe positive degree

  b) Adjectives with more than two syllables form their comparative and superlative by putting MOREand THE MOST in front of adjectives.  

 

02)IRREGULAR COMPARISON : 

 

PRONOUNS

**There are Three kind of Pronouns :

** Eg:

A) Subject Pronouns

  I  am a man.

 YOU are a boy.

 HE is a teacher.

 SHE is a nurse.

 IT is a pen.

 WE are men.

 YOU are students.

 THEY are women.

  B)      Possessive Pronouns :

 It is  mine

 It is yours

 it is his

 it is hers

 it is ours

 it is yours

 it is theirs

 

 

 

  **      Possessive   Adjectives :

 MY pen.

 YOUR pen.

 HIS pen.

 HER pen.

 ITS nose.

 OUR pen.

 YOUR pen.

 THEIR pen.

   C)      Object Pronouns :

Tell me about your self.

 I tell you about my self.

Tell him about your self.

Tell her about your self.

Give it water

Tell us about your self.

Tell them  about your self.

THE PRESENT SIMPLE

1- نستعمل « PRESENT SIMPLE »  عند الكلام عن العمل الروتيني و الإعتيادي  : (Repeated actions) وغالبا مايقرن ب :

always,sometimes,everyday,usually,never,on Monday

 

    1-     I have my breakfast at seven o’clock everyday.      

   2-     She always listens to the radio.

UNIVERSAL TRUTHS 2-     نستعمله عندما نتكلم عن حقائق عامة :

Affirmative Sentence

The sun rises in the east and sets in the west.         

Negative Sentence

The sun does not rise in the west and does not set in the east.                         

Interrogative Sentence

 Does the sun rise in the east and does set in the west?

 

3- نستعمله عندما نتكلم عن عادات :  HABIT OR CUSTOM

Affirmative Sentence

He smokes ten cigarettes.

Negative Sentence

He does not smoke ten cigarettes                            

Interrogative Sentence

Does he  smoke  ten cigarettes ?

 

v     إذا كان الفعل ينتهي بالأحرف التالية : « CH,SH,SS,X,O »   فإننا نضيف « ES »   مع الضمائر He,She,It

 Eg :

   Do                                                                  Does

   Finish                                                   finishes

   Miss                                                      Misses

   Mix                                                       Mixes

   Watch                                                   Watches

v     للتحويل إلى النفي « Negative Form »   فإننا نضيف Do not/Does not قبل الفعل الذي يعاد إلى صيغته الأصلية أي « The infinitive »

  Eg:      Affirmative                                       Negative

          They work hard.                     They do not(don’t) work hard.

          Ahmed listens to music.         Ahmed does not (doesn’t) listen to music.  

 

Interrogative forme:

في الاستفهام نستعمل «   doاوdoesفي اول الجملة مع اعادة الفعل الى صيغتةالاصلية « infinitive  

 

 

 Eg: Affirmative                                               Interrogative

-They like banana                                Do they like  banana?

  -Hayet speaks English well.                 Does Hayet speak english well ?                                                                  

  لاحظ حذف حرف « s″”  من « speak “

Verb «to  work » in the present simple.

 Form of present simple :

** Affirmative Sentence :

I / YOU / WE / YOU / THEY   +  VERB IN INFINITIF FORM

HE / SHE / IT   +  VERB IN INFINITIF FORM  + S

** Negative Sentence :

I / YOU / WE / YOU / THEY   + DO NOT  + VERB IN INFINITIF FORM

HE / SHE / IT   + DOES NOT + VERB IN INFINITIF FORM  

** Interrogative Sentence :

 DO + I / YOU / WE / YOU / THEY   +  VERB IN INFINITIF FORM  ?

 DOES   +     HE / SHE / IT       +   VERB IN INFINITIF FORM   ?

WE USE PRESENT SIMPLE :

EVERYDAY

EVERYWEEK

EVERYMONDAY

ON SATURDAYS

ALWAYS

NEVER

OFTEN

THE PRESENT CONTINOUS 

                       FORM : VERB TO BE (PRESENT) + VERB IN INFINITIF+ING

-نستعمل ال " Present continious"للحديث عن فعل يقع في وقت الكلام وغالبا ما يقرن ب :

at the moment,now,  today

 Eg :                                                                                       

  She is enjoying the film now.                                            

 The boys are working hard                          

 At the moment ,mother is preparing couscous.                                                                                   

                                                                           

Dance                                                                                 dancing

prepare                                                                                preparing

get                                                                                      getting

Verb”To walk”in the present continuous

PAST SIMPLE

USES OF PAST SIMPLE :

a) YESTERDAY :

Affirmative                                                                             

Yesterday,I went to Algiers.

Yesterday ,I wrote a letter.

Negative

Yesterday,I did not go to Algiers.

Yesterday I did not write a letter

 Interrogative

Yesterday,Did I go to Algiers?

Yesterday Did I write a letter ?

                                                                                                      

                                                                                                                                                          

                                                                                                      

b) Last week/Last month/Last year :

 

Affirmative

Last week ,She met her mother.

Last month ,he spent his holidays in Oran.                    

Negative

Last week ,She did not meet her mother.

Last week ,he did not spend his holidays in Oran.       

Interrogative

Last week,Did she meet her mother?   

Last week,Did he spend his holidays in Oran?   

                                                    

                                                                                                      

c) Five months ago/Six years ago/Ten days ago :

Affirmative Sentence

He visited his uncle ten days ago.                                     

Negative Sentence

 He did not visit his uncle ten days ago.                          

Interrogative Sentence

 Did he  visit his uncle ten days ago ?

d) Form of past simple :

** Affirmative Sentence :

I / YOU / WE / YOU / THEY   +  VERB IN PAST FORM

HE / SHE / IT   +  VERB IN PAST FORM     

** Negative Sentence :

I / YOU / WE / YOU / THEY   + DID NOT  + VERB IN INFINITIF FORM

HE / SHE / IT   + DID NOT + VERB IN INFINITIF FORM.  

** Interrogative Sentence :

 DID + I / YOU / WE / YOU / THEY   +  VERB IN INFINITIF FORM  ?

 DID   +     HE / SHE / IT       +   VERB IN INFINITIF FORM   ?

 

 WE USE PAST SIMPLE :

YESTERDAY.

LAST...../WEEK/MONTH/YEAR

SEVEN weeks ago/ Ten months ago /Five years ago.